Mosses and lichens are protecting initial soils from weather conditions and thus forming basic environments, which can be later populated by microbes and lower organisms (Tatur and Myrcha 1984 Bӧtler 2011). In this environment, mosses and lichens are two of the most important groups of organisms. Soils on King George Island are mainly derived from volcanic rocks like basalts and andesite basalts, but in few sites also sedimentary rocks are present, and the soils formed on these rocks are cryosols, leptosols, regosols, and fluvisols. The mean annual temperatures are in range from − 1.7 to 2.4 ☌, and the ice-free area of the island is about 8% (Kejna 1999 Bӧtler 2011). The King George Island is one of the South Shetlands Island group (Fig. They belong to Argentina, Chile, Brazil, China, Ecuador, South Korea, Peru, Poland, Russia, Uruguay, and USA. Ten polar stations (eight all-years and two summers only) are located on the island (Osyczka et al. The King George Island is an example of Antarctic area with high-human activity. According to increasing human activity, it is necessary to monitor pollution concentration and to control this unique environment. 2007 Chwedorzewska and Korczak 2010), as already reported, the main sources of pollution in Antarctic area are burning of fuels and waste storing (Kabata-Pendias 2000 Bargagli 2008). However, since the arrival of first explorers in the nineteenth century and increasing human activity (scientific activity and tourism) and threaten environment of this region (Osyczka et al. It is isolated by ocean, cyclonic storm belts, and hard weather conditions (Shaw 1988). The Antarctic region is still the least polluted area on our planet.
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